Look inside the inputs
The dashboard so far has shown what the language models produced: distance maps, agreement scores, axis rankings, probe curves. This page is the other side — what the models received. The 364 legal terms with their real ordinance contexts, the 100 control words, the five categorical probes with their templated sentences, and the ten antonym pairs that built each of the six value axes. Every entry is verbatim from the input snapshots that §2.1, §2.3, §3.1.4 and §3.2.1 of the thesis describe.
The 364 legal terms — by domain, with real ordinance contexts
Every term is bilingual (English / Chinese), labelled with the domain into which §2.1 of the thesis sorts it and with the divisions of the Hong Kong Department of Justice that maintain it. Click a term to reveal up to two real passages from the Hong Kong ordinances that contain it (one English-side, one Chinese-side, when available), prefixed with the Cap. and section references.
Administrative (52 terms)
register登記
certificate證明書
licence牌照
registration登記
practice實務
application申請
permit准許證
requirement要求
address地址
procedure程序
compliance遵從
inspection公眾查閱
statutory法例
duly妥當地
expenses費用
accounting會計
enforcement強制執行
tax稅
code守則
Registrar登記官
controller控制人
administrative行政
regulatory規管
notification通知書
comply遵守
provisional暫定
public interest公眾利益
suspension暫停
accreditation評審
maintenance保養
complaint投訴
in force繼續有效
set aside作廢
revocation撤回
implementation實施
exemption豁免
entry入境
levy徵款
modification修改
regulation規例
governing規管
inspector視察主任
approval批准
authorization訂明授權
taxation課稅
administer主持
discipline紀律
surcharge附加費
expenditure開支
non-compliance不符合
recall召回
registry登記處
Civil (60 terms)
provision條款
trade mark商標
property物業
obligation義務
grant批予
asset資產
transfer移交
custody保管
trust信託
transaction交易
patent專利
entity實體
settlement清繳
copyright版權
insurance保險
prejudice妨害
stock股票
trustee受託人
land土地
infringement侵權
loan貸款
deposit按金
undertaking承諾
family家事
share capital股本
ownership擁有權
futures期貨
deed契約
estate產業
holder持有人
premises處所
client當事人
derivative衍生
contractor承包商
partnership合夥
contractual合約
counterparty對手方
equity衡平法
lease租賃
lien留置權
gift贈與
priority優先權
damages損害賠償
misrepresentation失實陳述
testamentary遺囑性質
unincorporated非法團
marriage婚姻
distribution分派
proceeds得益
conveyance轉讓
insolvency無力償債
vesting轉歸
purchaser買家
charitable慈善信託
proprietary所有權
disposition產權處置
rental租金
offeror要約人
dividend股息
licensee持牌人
Constitutional (49 terms)
act法
state國家
Board教務委員會
Committee上訴委員會
system制度
election選舉
constituency選區
panel名單
title簡稱
freedom自由
vote投票
representative代理人
voting投票
representation代理
equal平等
organization組織
government政府
judicial司法
territorial領土
Director署長
nomination提名
ballot投票
political政治
candidate候選人
majority大多數
meeting會議
poll投票
absolute全權
Legislative Council立法會
liberty自由
Commissioner海關關長
education教育機構
bill法案
elector選民
electoral選舉法
delegate獲授權人
society社團
territory領土
waters領海
District Council區議會議員
Election Committee選舉委員
quorum法定人數
Presiding Officer主持
third party第三方
constitution憲法
assembly集會
incorporation法團
Heung Yee Kuk鄉議局
religion宗教
Criminal (54 terms)
offence罪行
charge押記
sentence判刑
justice公正
debt債務
criminal刑事
unlawful不合法
disciplinary紀律處分程序
false虛假
conviction定罪
arrest逮捕
penalty罰則
prosecution檢控
suspend中止
breach違反
intent意圖
wilfully故意地
failure不履行
knowingly故意
imprisonment監禁
detention拘留
crime犯罪
harm傷害
punishment懲罰
terrorist恐怖分子
fraudulent欺詐
guilty有罪
forfeiture沒收
assault襲擊
prisoner囚犯
misconduct失當行為
threat威脅
conceal隱藏
contravention違反
restraint限制
indecent不雅
offender罪犯
dangerous危險
trafficking販運
unlawfully非法
attempt企圖
murder謀殺
obscene淫褻
perjury作假證供罪
defraud欺詐
confiscation沒收令
juvenile少年
punish處罰
violence暴力
seizure扣押
bail保釋
intention意向
plea答辯
revoke撤回
International (41 terms)
international國際義務
convention慣例
agreement協定
protection保護
arrangement安排
consular領事
trade交易
declaration宣告
standard標準
defence抗辯
United Nations聯合國
Mainland內地
mutual相互
protocol議定書
multilateral多邊
independent獨立
association協會
maritime海上
arbitral仲裁
diplomatic外交
marine海上
war戰爭
non-Hong Kong非香港
aircraft飛機
intermediary中介人
boundary土地界線
conference會議
conflict抵觸
particulars詳情
military軍隊
safeguard保障措施
material particular要項
tanker化學品液貨船
bilateral雙邊
international law國際法
overseas海外
outbound外遊費
sea-going海域航行船舶
arbitrator仲裁員
vicinity鄰近範圍
regional區域
Labour & social (60 terms)
account帳戶
financial財務
business事務
payment中期付款
contract合同
office職位
company公司
fund基金
fee費用
benefit利益
amount款額
care小心
professional專業
contribution供款
worker傭工
Chinese medicine中醫藥學
position職位
employment僱傭
work作品
exercise實行
profit利潤
health健康
management管理
delivery交付
compensation補償
discrimination殘疾歧視
child兒童
leave許可
assistance協助
employee僱員
current流通
level等級
escalator自動梯
sum款項
hour合理時間
unit單位
manager管理人
labour勞工
remuneration酬金
industry行業
healthcare醫護服務
payable應支付
pay付款
age年齡
medical醫療護理
disability弱能
full-time全職
emergency緊急情況
works工程設施
building建築
insurer保險人
staff員工
entitlement享有權
employer僱主
harassment侵擾
occupational職業
wage報酬
gratuity酬金
winding up清盤
applicant申請人
Procedure (48 terms)
proceeding法律程序
evidence證據
appeal上訴
statement報表
claim申索
court法院
review審核
issue爭論點
hearing編定聆訊日期
lawful合法
proof證據
arbitration仲裁
examine訊問
witness證人
investigation調查
surrender交出
process程序
objection反對理由
bona fide善意
examination覆問
certified經核證
inquiry研訊
disclosure公開
fine罰款
written成文
adjudication終審
admit承認
serve送達
determine終止
signature簽名
mediation調解
limitation限制
petition呈請
presumption推定
audit審核
initiate提起法律程序
substantiate證實
summons傳票
prove證明
admissible可接納
exhibit證物
beyond reasonable doubt合理疑點
conciliation調停
interlocutory非正審
permission准許
resolve解決
in writing以書面
certified copy核證文本
The 100 everyday-language control terms
The control pool grounds the §3.1.1 legal-versus-control diagnostic and the §3.1.3 control-pool subtraction discussed on the Robustness page. The terms are drawn from the Swadesh basic-vocabulary list: pronouns, deictics, basic common nouns. They have no Hong Kong ordinance attestation by design — the only comparable reading the experiment runs on them is the bare encoding.
Categorical probes — eleven categories and five paraphrase templates per test
The §3.1.4 probes test whether the geometry preserves a doctrinally ordered sequence and places the largest gap at the legislatively expected break. For each test, the inputs are eleven category words in a defensible order plus five sentence templates that hold the syntactic frame constant while the category word varies. The template slot is shown as {category}. The doctrinally expected break is highlighted on the category row.
Age and criminal imputability (positive · borderline)
- the accused was an {category} when the act was committed
- an {category} committed the act in question
- at the time of the offence, the defendant was an {category}
- the perpetrator, an {category}, carried out the unlawful act
- the unlawful act was committed by an {category}
- 犯案時,被告人是一名{category}
- 一名{category}實施了該違法行為
- 案發時,被告人為一名{category}
- 行為人是一名{category}
- 該違法行為由一名{category}所實施
Contract value (negative control) (negative control)
- an oral agreement for the sale of land for a {category} consideration was entered into between the parties
- the parties orally agreed to sell land for a {category} sum
- an oral land sale contract was concluded for a {category} price
- the parties entered an oral contract for the sale of land at a {category} consideration
- an oral land transaction was made for a {category} amount
- 雙方就以{category}代價買賣土地訂立口頭協議
- 雙方以{category}價格口頭約定買賣土地
- 就以{category}金額出售土地,雙方訂立口頭合約
- 當事人以{category}代價口頭達成土地買賣協議
- 土地買賣雙方以{category}價金口頭成交
Age and contractual capacity (positive)
- a contract for the sale of property was entered into by an {category}
- an {category} signed a contract to purchase real estate
- a property sale agreement was concluded by an {category}
- the contract for the sale of real estate was made by an {category}
- an {category} entered into an agreement to buy property
- 由一名{category}訂立財產買賣合約
- 一名{category}簽訂購買房地產的合約
- 由一名{category}締結財產出售協議
- 房地產買賣合約由一名{category}訂立
- 一名{category}訂立購買財產的協議
Offence severity (summary / indictable divide) (positive)
- the defendant was charged with {category}
- the prosecution involves {category}
- the case before the court concerns {category}
- the court convicted the defendant of {category}
- the accused was found guilty of {category}
- 被告人被控以{category}
- 控方所提出的指控涉及{category}
- 本案涉及{category}
- 法庭裁定被告人犯有{category}
- 被告人被裁定干犯{category}
Criminal disposal severity (determinate / indeterminate) (positive)
- the court sentenced the defendant to {category}
- the defendant received {category}
- the offender was given {category}
- the judge handed down {category}
- {category} was imposed on the defendant
- 法庭判處被告人{category}
- 被告人獲判{category}
- 犯罪者被判{category}
- 法官對被告人判處{category}
- 被告人被處以{category}
Value axes — the ten antonym pairs that build each axis
Each of the six axes of §3.2 is built as the mean of ten antonym-pair difference vectors, normalised to unit length (Kozlowski, Taddy & Evans, 2019). The recipe is bilingual: each axis has an English version built from ten English pairs and a Chinese version built from ten Chinese pairs drawn from the doctrinal vocabulary of the corresponding tradition. The pairs are listed below in their snapshot order; the first entry is the positive pole, the second the negative pole.
Individual ↔ Collective (10 EN + 10 ZH pairs)
English antonym pairs
- individualvscollective
- personalvscommunal
- distinctvsshared
- autonomyvssolidarity
- libertyvsconformity
- independencevsinterdependence
- self-reliancevscooperation
- freedomvsobligation
- consentvsauthority
- voluntaryvsmandatory
Chinese antonym pairs
- 个人vs集体
- 单独vs共同
- 自主vs团结
- 自由vs服从
- 独立vs互助
- 自力更生vs合作
- 私心vs公心
- 同意vs权威
- 自愿vs强制
- 个体vs群体
Rights ↔ Duties (10 EN + 10 ZH pairs)
English antonym pairs
- rightvsduty
- entitlementvsobligation
- freedomvsresponsibility
- libertyvsconstraint
- permissionvsprohibition
- immunityvsliability
- privilegevsburden
- claimvsdebt
- autonomyvscompliance
- empowermentvssubjection
Chinese antonym pairs
- 权利vs义务
- 自由vs责任
- 许可vs禁止
- 豁免vs责任
- 特权vs负担
- 请求vs债务
- 自主vs服从
- 赋权vs从属
- 资格vs义务
- 权力vs限制
Public ↔ Private (10 EN + 10 ZH pairs)
English antonym pairs
- publicvsprivate
- statevsindividual
- governmentvscitizen
- regulationvsautonomy
- statutoryvscustomary
- officialvsunofficial
- institutionalvsdomestic
- sovereigntyvsliberty
- administrationvsenterprise
- bureaucracyvsmarket
Chinese antonym pairs
- 公共vs私人
- 国家vs个人
- 政府vs公民
- 监管vs自主
- 公立vs私立
- 官方vs非官方
- 机构vs家庭
- 主权vs自由
- 行政vs企业
- 官僚vs市场
State ↔ Market (10 EN + 10 ZH pairs)
English antonym pairs
- planningvscompetition
- subsidyvsprofit
- interventionvslaissez-faire
- protectionismvsliberalization
- nationalizationvsprivatization
- dirigismevsspontaneity
- taxationvsexchange
- welfarevsenterprise
- tariffvstrade
- commandvsbargain
Chinese antonym pairs
- 计划vs市场
- 调控vs竞争
- 补贴vs利润
- 国有vs民营
- 干预vs放任
- 统制vs自由
- 公有vs私营
- 配给vs交易
- 产业政策vs市场机制
- 统购vs议价
Natural ↔ Positive (10 EN + 10 ZH pairs)
English antonym pairs
- reasonvswill
- moralityvslegislation
- justicevsstatute
- consciencevscommand
- naturevsenactment
- equityvsdecree
- principlevsrule
- higher lawvspositive law
- natural justicevsprocedural edict
- moral ordervssovereign fiat
Chinese antonym pairs
- 天理vs国法
- 道vs法
- 礼vs令
- 自然vs人为
- 道义vs律令
- 良知vs法条
- 公义vs成文
- 天道vs王法
- 义理vs法度
- 情理vs刑名
Status ↔ Contract (10 EN + 10 ZH pairs)
English antonym pairs
- statusvscontract
- ascriptionvsagreement
- birthrightvsbargain
- kinshipvscovenant
- hierarchyvsexchange
- lineagevsnegotiation
- castevsparty
- fealtyvsstipulation
- estatevspromise
- heirvscounterparty
Chinese antonym pairs
- 身份vs契约
- 名分vs合同
- 家族vs协议
- 宗法vs交换
- 世袭vs约定
- 辈分vs意思表示
- 宗亲vs缔约
- 门第vs磋商
- 族规vs订立
- 血缘vs买卖